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The presence of fluoride in exceeding limits and related problems of drinking water prevailing in many parts of India is well documented. Fluoride in drinking water is known for having both beneficial and detrimental effects on health. Many solutions to these problems were also suggested. Fluoride from water or wastewater can be removed by an ion exchange/adsorption process or by a coagulation, precipitation...
In this document, the authors present the results of the long-term monitoring of the condition of the eyes of victims of the Chernobyl catastrophe. The patient examinations were conducted using our system of standard inspection and description of the condition of the eye. We have summarized the development of this system in another paper. Ocular effects in patients as a result of the Chernobyl accident...
The traditional methods of bacterial identification are based on observation of either the morphology of single cells or colony characteristics. However, the adoption of newer and automated methods offers advantage in terms of rapid and reliable identification of bacterial species. The review provides a comprehensive appreciation of new and improved technologies such fatty acid profiling, sequence...
In spite of widespread support from the population of most member countries for European Union policy, including support for sustainable development, in many EU countries, the levels of acceptance of new environmental protection programmes have been and, in particular in new member states, still are considerably low. The experience of the countries which were the first to implement union directives...
The clean-up operations following the Chernobyl accident were arguably the greatest in the history of mankind. This paper is not intended to give a comprehensive review of the Chernobyl related research, we present only a review of the scientific literature available till now about the“liquidators”, i.e. people who performed the task of decontamination work near the damaged Chernobyl nuclear power...
The article presents an application of multi-criteria analysis for selection of the best treatment technology and the best technical solution to the running of a large and a small wastewater treatment plant. The calculations performed for two plant capacities and for various effluent standards are based on a compromise programming method. The effluent standards considered for the smaller plant are...
The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic. These metals have been extensively studied and their effects on human health regularly reviewed by international bodies such as the WHO. Heavy metals have been used by humans for thousands of years. Although several adverse health effects of heavy metals have been known for a long...
Various types of biological weapons have been known and practiced throughout history, including the use of biological agents such as microbes and plants, as well as biotoxins and the venoms that can be derived from them. In ancient civilisations, the attempt was to infect and kill enemies by throwing cadavers into water wells. Emperor Barbarossa during the battle of the Italian town, Tortona, in 1155,...
An antibody (Ab), also known as immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shape protein consisting of two heavy chains and two light chains (Figure 1) which form a functionally bivalent monomer that is produced by B cells receptor used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. Current widely used rapid detection systems exploit antibodies for recognition,...
Once freshwater has been used for an economic or beneficial purpose, it is generally discarded as waste. In many countries, these wastewaters are discharged, either as untreated waste or as treated effluent, into natural watercourses, from which they are abstracted for further use after undergoing "self-purification" within the stream. Through this system of indirect reuse, wastewater may...
Urbanization is the cause of many changes which are taking place in the environment, including those found in the catchment. With this in mind, it is an important issue to properly protect water reservoirs and also take action to counter the adverse effects of human activities on the natural environment, including water bodies. To address the increasing degradation of surface waters in the European...
An early, rapid and definite detection for the presence of biowarfare agents, pathogens, viruses and toxins is required due to their harmful effect to human population. Those potentially encountering the aforementioned include people involved in civil rescue and security, homeland security, military operations, as well as public transportation securities such as airports, metro and railway stations...
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